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class Person def initialize(age) @age = age end def age @age end def age_difference_with(other_person) (self.age - other_person.age).abs end protected :age end fred = Person.new(34) chris = Person.new(25) puts chris.age_difference_with(fred) puts chris.age

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Look at the sketch of the Explanation slide, and then read the following Detail headlines and imagine how to sketch the story forward across the Detail slides. If you can sketch a single visual story across the Detail slides, you should. But it might be that the Detail slides are independent thoughts that are tied together only by the preceding Explanation slide in that case, sketch standalone illustrations for each Detail slide. You should be getting the hang of things by now, as you ve already sketched many of the elements that you can also sketch on the Detail slides. Some of the techniques for

9 :20: protected method `age' called for #<Person:0x1e5f28 @age=25> (NoMethodError)

The preceding example uses a protected method so that the age method cannot be used directly, except within any method belonging to an object of the Person class. However, if age were made private, the preceding example would fail because other_person.age would be invalid. That s because private makes methods accessible only by methods of a specific object. Note that when you use age directly, on the last line, Ruby throws an exception.

Just to keep whipping this slightly tortured example, let me show you another way of writing the same string: >>> "Let's say " '"Hello, world!"' 'Let\'s say "Hello, world!"' I ve simply written two strings, one after the other, and Python automatically concatenates them (makes them into one string). This mechanism isn t used very often, but it can be useful at times. However, it only works when you actually write both strings at the same time, directly following one another: >>> x = "Hello, " >>> y = "world!" >>> x y SyntaxError: invalid syntax In other words, this is just a special way of writing strings, not a general method of concatenating them. How, then, do you concatenate strings Just like you add numbers: >>> "Hello, " + "world!" 'Hello, world!' >>> x = "Hello, " >>> y = "world!" >>> x + y 'Hello, world!'

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Polymorphism is the concept of writing code that can work with objects of multiple types and classes at once. For example, the + method works for adding numbers, joining

strings, and adding arrays together. What + does depends entirely on what type of things you re adding together. Here s a Ruby interpretation of a common demonstration of polymorphism:

creating illustrations can be used at any level of the storyboard, depending on what your headlines say. Here are some of the techniques you can use to sketch the Detail slides: Use photos, screen captures, or other graphics. As in the previous levels, sketch photographs for your Detail slides such as a book cover photo, as on the lower-left slide in Figure 7-23, or a screen capture such as a Web page, as on the lower-right slide. If a photo alone doesn t work, you might include additional informational elements that you will add to the photo such as the arrows on the globe on the upper-right slide.

class Animal attr_accessor :name def initialize(name) @name = name end end class Cat < Animal def talk "Meaow!" end end class Dog < Animal def talk "Woof!" end end animals = [Cat.new("Flossie"), Dog.new("Fido"), Cat.new("Tinkle")] animals.each do |animal| puts animal.talk end

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